Note

This website is presently under development. The primary website for MOPAC is still http://openmopac.net until the majority of its contents have been migrated here.

ESR

The unpaired spin density arising from an odd-electron system can be calculated both RHF and UHF. In a UHF calculation the alpha and beta M.O.s have different spatial forms, so spin density can naturally be present on in-plane hydrogen atoms such as in the phenoxy radical.

In the RHF formalism a MECI calculation is performed. In general, ESR can be used for any system for which M|$_S \\neq 0$|. If the C.I. calculation results in many states, then the spin density for the state requested and the next few states will be printed. For example, if benzene cation, D_6h, is calculated, using ESR OPEN(3,2), then the spin density for the two degenerate components of E_1g will be printed. For this system, the total spin density on any given atomic orbital or any atom is given by the average of the spin densities for the two components. For benzene⁺, this would be 1/6 electrons.

Thus, for example, for ethylene, ESR TRIPLET C.I.=2 would give meaningful results, as would ESR MS=1 C.I.=2. However, ESR ROOT=2 C.I.=2 would not, as this would be used to calculate the spin density arising from the M_S = 0component of a triplet state, which will have a zero spin density.

Spin density for state Ψ_j, calculated as spin, S_A, on atom A, is given in terms of contributions from the M.O.s of the active space ψ_i, ψ_i = Σ_λiφ as:

S_A = Σ_λ^Aφ_λi²Σ_iS_i,

where the S_i are the contributions of spin from each M.O., expressed as a sum over the microstates of the C.I., Ψ_j = Σc_kjΨ_j, :

S_i = Σ_k(O:sub:i^αk-O:sub:i^βk)c_kj,

Where O_i^αj is the alpha or “spin up” occupancy of M.O. ψ_i, in microstate Ψj. Although φ_λi² is obligate positive, S_i can be positive or negative, therefore S_A can be positive or negative, although it is unlikely to be very negative, and the sum over all atoms must equal 2M_S(Z)

If the keywords OPEN and C.I.= are both absent, then only a single state is calculated. The spin density is then calculated from the state function. In order to have spin density on the hydrogens in, for example, the phenoxy radical, several states should be mixed.